In the earliest days, roads were where horses pulled carts, but as cars came along, gravel gave way to cobblestones, which in turn disappeared as the modern roads were paved with tar. Roads became more durable, but that didn't stop the intrepid traveller who wanted to explore more inhospitable terrain. The first four wheel drive was created in Amsterdam in 1903. One of the first 4WD systems was developed for steam engines, before cars were even invented. Most vehicles of the time were put to use in the military. If necessity is the mother of invention, then warfare is its father.